Cappadocia Underground Cities are the unique areas of Cappadocia that should not be missed. The underground cities are carved from the soft volcanic stone that are connected with each other by narrow tunnels. There are more than 200 underground cities in the Cappadocia region. The Underground Cities of Kaymakli and Derinkuyu the most popular and visited ones.
It is believed that the underground city was built as a shelter that is not to be seen from above, for the Christian community to escape from the pressure of the Roman Empire and Arabs.
7 Fascinating Facts About Underground Cities in Cappadocia
- Hidden for Centuries – Many underground cities were completely forgotten until locals accidentally discovered them in modern times.
- Multi-Level Marvels – Derinkuyu, the deepest underground city, reaches 85 meters below ground with 8 floors open to visitors.
- Ancient Air Conditioning – Ingenious ventilation shafts kept fresh air circulating, making it possible for thousands to live underground for months.
- Built for Survival – These cities served as refuges against invaders, protecting early Christians and locals from Roman, Persian, and Arab forces.
- Massive Capacity – Derinkuyu could house up to 20,000 people, along with livestock, food stores, and churches.
- Secret Escape Routes – Narrow tunnels connected underground cities, allowing people to flee or communicate between different settlements.
- Unexplored Depths – Only a fraction of Cappadocia’s underground cities have been fully excavated, and many remain undiscovered beneath the region’s landscape.
Cappadocia’s Must See Underground Cities
Beneath the surface of Cappadocia lies a vast network of underground cities, carved from soft volcanic rock. These subterranean settlements were ingeniously designed to provide refuge for thousands of people during times of invasion and war.
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With 36 known underground cities, exploring these fascinating underground labyrinths is a must for any visitor to Cappadocia.
The largest and most impressive underground cities include Derinkuyu, Kaymaklı, and Mazi, each offering a unique glimpse into the region’s past.
Derinkuyu Underground City – The Deepest and Largest Underground City
Location: Derinkuyu Town (40 km from Göreme)
⏰ Best Time to Visit: Morning or late afternoon to avoid crowds.
✔ The largest and deepest underground city in Cappadocia.
✔ Extends 85 meters below ground with 8 levels open to visitors.
✔ Could shelter up to 20,000 people along with their livestock.
✨ What to Expect?
Derinkuyu Underground City is the most well-known and historically significant underground city in Cappadocia. Discovered by accident when a local resident knocked down a wall in his home, this underground marvel has winding tunnels, vast chambers, and interconnected living spaces.
As you descend into its depths, you’ll discover:
✔ Stables, cellars, and kitchens where residents lived for months at a time.
✔ A massive ventilation system allowing fresh air to circulate underground.
✔ A missionary school and church on the second level.
✔ Giant rolling stone doors used to seal off tunnels for protection.
Tip: Be prepared for narrow passageways and low ceilings—if you’re claustrophobic, this might not be for you!
Read more about Derinkuyu Underground City
Kaymaklı Underground City – The Most Complex Underground City
Location: Kaymaklı Town (25 km from Göreme)
⏰ Best Time to Visit: Early morning before tour groups arrive.
✔ One of the oldest and most extensive underground cities in Cappadocia.
✔ Features 8 levels, with 4 open to the public.
✔ Known for its labyrinth-like layout and intricate tunnel systems.
✨ What to Expect?
Kaymaklı Underground City is smaller in size compared to Derinkuyu, but its layout is more complex, with a maze of narrow tunnels connecting different levels.
✔ Explore living quarters, kitchens, wine cellars, and storage rooms.
✔ See the ancient ventilation shafts that kept fresh air circulating underground.
✔ Visit the stone churches and chapels where secret religious ceremonies were held.
✔ Marvel at the large stone doors used to block off tunnels in case of attack.
Tip: Bring a flashlight! Some tunnels are dimly lit, and the passageways can be steep.
Read more about Kaymaklı Underground City
Mazi Underground City – The Hidden Gem
Location: Mazi Village (18 km from Ürgüp)
⏰ Best Time to Visit: Late afternoon for a quieter experience.
✔ A less crowded and off-the-beaten-path underground city.
✔ Features four entry points leading into the underground settlement.
✔ Offers a more intimate and mysterious experience compared to the larger underground cities.
✨ What to Expect?
Mazi Underground City is smaller than Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı, but it offers a fascinating and immersive experience without the crowds.
✔ Walk through narrow tunnels and hidden rooms carved into the volcanic rock.
✔ See stalls, kitchens, wine cellars, and communal living areas.
✔ Marvel at the ornate entrance door, a massive stone slab designed for protection.
✔ Discover ancient storage areas and winemaking facilities used by past inhabitants.
Tip: Since Mazi Underground City is less visited, you might get a more personal tour experience from the guides.
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Statistics and Trends
Tourism & Popularity
- Over 2 million tourists visit Cappadocia annually, with nearly 40% exploring the underground cities, making them one of the region’s most visited attractions. (Source: Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism)
- Derinkuyu Underground City attracts over 500,000 visitors per year, making it the most-visited underground city in Cappadocia. (Source: Cappadocia Tourism Reports)
- Online searches for “Cappadocia underground cities” increased by 65% over the past five years, indicating a growing global interest in these ancient subterranean settlements. (Source: Google Trends, 2023)
- Guided tours of underground cities account for 60% of all organized Cappadocia tours, with travelers opting for historical insights and easier navigation. (Source: Cappadocia Tour Operators’ Association, 2023)
Historical & Architectural Insights
- Cappadocia has 36 discovered underground cities, but experts estimate that over 100 remain undiscovered beneath the region’s soft volcanic rock. (Source: Turkish Archeological Society)
- The largest underground city, Derinkuyu, spans over 4 km² and could accommodate 20,000 people, complete with stables, kitchens, churches, and ventilation shafts. (Source: UNESCO World Heritage List)
- Derinkuyu’s ventilation system is so advanced that it allowed fresh air to reach the deepest levels, proving the engineering brilliance of ancient civilizations. (Source: Turkish Ministry of Culture & Tourism)
- Kaymaklı Underground City has 8 levels, but only 4 are open to the public due to preservation efforts and structural stability concerns. (Source: Cappadocia Preservation Society, 2023)
Visitor Experience & Travel Trends
- More than 70% of international visitors to Cappadocia book a combined tour of underground cities and Göreme Open-Air Museum, reflecting the demand for historical experiences. (Source: Turkish Tourism Board, 2023)
- The most common nationalities visiting Cappadocia’s underground cities are travelers from Germany (15%), USA (12%), UK (10%), Russia (9%), and China (8%), showing its widespread appeal. (Source: Turkish Tourism Board, 2023)
How to Best Explore the Underground Cities in Cappadocia
The Green Tour
The Green Tour is a bit more off the beaten path and covers attractions that are less visited by tourists. It is a full-day tour and starts at 9 am and ends at 5 pm.
The tour covers places such as Derinkuyu Underground City, Ihlara Valley, Selime Monastery, and the Pigeon Valley. This tour is ideal for those who want to explore the less crowded and more natural parts of Cappadocia.
Good for
The Cappadocia Green Tour is an excellent choice for those who want to experience the best of Cappadocia’s natural and historical sites in a single day. Below are some of best Green Tour experiences you can find!
We recommend the below ticket options for the great value for money.
✔ Want the best value? → Book the All-Inclusive Green Tour✔ Prefer a smaller group? → Go for the VIP Green Tour
✔ Love hiking? → Choose the Trekking Green Tour
✔ On a budget? → The Green Tour with Lunch, Guide is a great pick.
More Info & Booking Green Tour
The Blue Tour
The Blue Tour is a full-day guided tour that takes visitors to some of the lesser-known sights of Cappadocia. The tour covers the central and southern parts of Cappadocia, including the towns of Soganli, Sahinefendi, and Mustafapasa. The tour also includes stops at some of the area’s most impressive valleys, including the Gomeda Valley and the Soysallar Valley, as well as Kaymakli Underground City.
Good for
The Cappadocia Blue Tour is an excellent choice for those looking for a relaxed and off-the-beaten-path experience. With visits to small villages, less crowded valleys, and local craftsmen, the tour is a perfect way to experience the heart and soul of Cappadocia.
We recommend the below ticket options for the great value for money.
✔ On a budget? → Choose the Budget Blue Tour
✔ Want a private experience? → Go for the Private Blue Tour
Important Questions & Answers
What makes Cappadocia’s underground cities unique?
Cappadocia’s underground cities are among the most complex ancient subterranean settlements in the world. Carved into soft volcanic rock, these cities feature multi-level networks of tunnels, storage rooms, kitchens, churches, and ventilation systems.
They were used for protection during invasions and could house thousands of people for months. Some, like Derinkuyu, go as deep as 85 meters, making them a true architectural marvel of their time.
Who built the underground cities in Cappadocia?
The underground cities of Cappadocia are believed to have been originally built by the Phrygians in the 8th-7th century BC. Over time, they were expanded by early Christians and Byzantines, who used them as hidden refuges during periods of persecution and invasion. These cities provided safe havens from Roman, Persian, and Arab invaders, with sophisticated tunnel systems for security.
Where are the best underground cities to visit in Cappadocia?
The top three underground cities to visit in Cappadocia are Derinkuyu (the deepest and largest), Kaymaklı (most complex), and Mazi (a hidden gem). These cities showcase different architectural styles, with Derinkuyu offering vast chambers, Kaymaklı featuring a maze-like design, and Mazi providing a quieter, off-the-beaten-path experience.
Why were the underground cities built in Cappadocia?
The underground cities were built for protection against invaders. Cappadocia was historically located on major trade and military routes, making it vulnerable to attacks. These subterranean settlements allowed entire communities to hide from threats while having access to food storage, water wells, ventilation, and escape tunnels, ensuring their survival for extended periods.
How many underground cities are there in Cappadocia?
There are 36 documented underground cities in Cappadocia, though experts believe more remain undiscovered. The largest ones, like Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı, are open to the public, while many smaller ones are either unexplored or accessible only through guided tours.
Will I feel claustrophobic inside the underground cities?
If you’re prone to claustrophobia, some sections of Cappadocia’s underground cities may feel tight, as many tunnels are narrow and require crouching. However, larger chambers, ventilation shafts, and open spaces help create a more breathable environment.
Visiting Kaymaklı or Mazi—which have relatively wider tunnels—can be a better option if you’re concerned about confined spaces.
What should I wear when visiting Cappadocia’s underground cities?
Comfortable clothing and sturdy, non-slip shoes are essential when exploring underground cities. The tunnels can be uneven, and some passages are steep. Temperatures inside are cool year-round (around 13-16°C or 55-60°F), so bringing a light jacket is recommended.
How much time do I need to explore an underground city?
A visit to an underground city typically takes 45 minutes to 1.5 hours, depending on the location and depth. Derinkuyu, being the largest, requires more time due to its multiple levels, while Kaymaklı and Mazi can be explored in about an hour.
Are Cappadocia’s underground cities safe to visit?
Yes, the underground cities are safe for visitors. The tunnels have been structurally reinforced, and designated pathways with lighting and ventilation ensure a secure experience. However, people with mobility issues should note that some areas require steep climbs and narrow passage navigation.
What are the best tips for visiting Cappadocia’s underground cities?
- Visit early in the morning or late afternoon to avoid crowds.
- Book a guided tour for deeper historical insights.
- Wear comfortable shoes as the terrain can be uneven.
- Bring a light jacket, as temperatures underground are cool.
- If you’re claustrophobic, start with Kaymaklı or Mazi, which have relatively wider tunnels.
